Karl Landsteiner and the Discovery of the Major Blood Types

Karl Landsteiner and the Discovery of the Major Blood Types Austrian physician and immunologist Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 - June 26, 1943) is most noted for his discovery of the major blood types and developing a system for blood typing. This discovery made it possible to determine blood compatibility for safe blood transfusions. Fast Facts: Karl Landsteiner Born: June 14, 1868, in Vienna, AustriaDied: June 26, 1943, in New York, New YorkParents Names: Leopold and Fanny Hess LandsteinerSpouse: Helen Wlasto (m. 1916)Child: Ernst Karl LandsteinerEducation: University of Vienna (M.D.)Key Accomplishments: Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1930) Early Years Karl Landsteiner was born in Vienna, Austria in 1868, to Fanny and Leopold Landsteiner. His father was a popular journalist and Viennese newspaper publisher and editor. The death of Karls father, when he was only six years of age, resulted in the development of an even closer relationship between Karl and his mother. Young Karl was always interested in science and mathematics and was an honor student during his primary and secondary school years. In 1885, he began studying medicine at the University of Vienna and earned an M.D. in 1891. While at the University of Vienna, Landsteiner became very interested in blood chemistry. Upon earning his M.D., he spent the next five years doing biochemical research in laboratories of well known European scientists, one of whom was Emil Fischer, an organic chemist who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1902) for his research on carbohydrates, specifically sugars. Career and Research Dr. Landsteiner returned to Vienna in 1896 to continue to study medicine at Vienna General Hospital. He became an assistant to Max von Gruber at the Hygiene Institute, where he studied antibodies and immunity. Von Gruber had developed a blood test to identify the bacteria responsible for typhoid and contended that chemical signals on the bacteria were being recognized by antibodies in the blood. Landsteiners interest in antibody studies and immunology continued to develop as a result of working with Von Gruber. In 1898, Landsteiner became assistant to Anton Weichselbaum at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy. For the next ten years, he conducted research in the areas of serology, microbiology, and anatomy. During this time, Landsteiner made his famous discovery of blood groups and developed a system for classifying human blood. Discovery of the Blood Groups Dr. Landsteiners investigations of interactions between red blood cells (RBCs) and serum of different people were initially noted in 1900. He observed the agglutination, or clumping together, of red blood cells when mixed with animal blood or other human blood. While Landsteiner was not the first to make these observations, he is credited with being the first to explain the biological processes behind the reaction. Landsteiner performed experiments testing red blood cells against serum from the same patient as well as serum from different patients. He noted that a patients RBCs did not agglutinate in the presence of their own serum. He also identified different patterns of reactivity and categorized them into three groups: A, B, and C. Landsteiner observed that when the RBCs from group A were mixed with serum from group B, the cells in group A clumped together. The same was true when RBCs from group B were mixed with serum from group A. The blood cells of group C did not react to serum from either groups A or B. However, the serum from group C caused agglutination in RBCs from both groups A and B. This image shows agglutination (clumping) of type A red blood cells when mixed with ANTI-A serum. No clumping occurs when mixed with ANTI-B serum.   Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images Landsteiner determined that blood groups A and B have different types of agglutinogens, or antigens, on the surface of their red blood cells. They also have different antibodies (anti-A, anti-B) present in their blood serum. A student of Landsteiners later identified an AB blood group that reacted with both A and B antibodies. Landsteiners discovery became the basis for the ABO blood grouping system (as the name of group C was later changed to type O). Landsteiners work laid the foundation for our understanding of blood groupings. Cells from blood type A have A antigens on the cell surfaces and B antibodies in the serum, while cells from type B have B antigens on the cell surfaces and A antibodies in the serum. When type A RBCs contact serum from type B, A antibodies present in B serum bind to A antigens on the blood cell surfaces. This binding causes the cells to clump together. Antibodies in the serum identify the blood cells as foreign and initiate an immune response to neutralize the threat. A similar reaction occurs when type B RBCs contact serum from type A containing B antibodies. Blood type O has no antigens on the blood cell surfaces and do not react with serum from either types A or B. Blood type O does have both A and B antibodies in the serum and thus reacts with RBCs from both A and B groups. Landsteiners work made blood typing possible for safe blood transfusions. His findings were published in the Central European Journal of Medicine, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, in 1901. He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1930) for this life saving accomplishment. In 1923, Landsteiner made additional blood grouping discoveries while working in New York at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. He helped to identify blood groups M, N, and P, which were initially used in paternity testing. In 1940, Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener discovered the Rh factor blood group, named for research conducted with rhesus monkeys. The presence of the Rh factor on blood cells indicates an Rh positive (Rh) type. The absence of the Rh factor indicates an Rh negative (Rh-) type. This discovery provided a means for Rh blood type matching to prevent incompatibility reactions during transfusions.   Death and Legacy   Karl Landsteiners contribution to medicine extended beyond blood groupings. In 1906, he developed a technique for the identification of the bacterium (T. pallidum) that causes syphilis using dark-field microscopy. His work with poliomyelitis (polio virus) lead to the discovery of its mechanism of action and development of a diagnostic blood test for the virus. In addition, Landsteiners research on small molecules called haptens helped to elucidate their involvement in the immune response and the production of antibodies. These molecules ramp up immune responses to antigens and induce hypersensitivity reactions. Landsteiner continued researching blood groups after retiring from the Rockefeller Institute in 1939. He would later change his focus to the study of malignant tumors in an attempt to find a cure for his wife, Helen Wlasto (m. 1916), who was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Karl Landsteiner suffered a heart attack while in his laboratory and died a couple of days later on June 26, 1943. Sources Durand, Joel K., and Monte S. Willis. Karl Landsteiner, MD: Transfusion Medicine. Laboratory Medicine, vol. 41, no. 1, 2010, pp. 53–55., doi:10.1309/lm0miclh4gg3qndc.  Erkes, Dan A., and Senthamil R. Selvan. Hapten-Induced Contact Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune Reactions, and Tumor Regression: Plausibility of Mediating Antitumor Immunity. Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2014, 2014, pp. 1–28., doi:10.1155/2014/175265.  Karl Landsteiner – Biographical. Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1930/landsteiner/biographical/.

Rode and Road

Rode and Road Rode and Road Rode and Road By Maeve Maddox An article on the sports page of my morning paper quoted the owner of the winning horse praising the jockey: Victor road him really well. The reporter was reaching for the past tense of the verb ride: Victor rode him really well. The error is embarrassing, but etymologically speaking, the words ride and road are related. Note: If you’re interested in the scholarly details, explore the entries for ride, road, and raid in the OED. I’m just giving a short version. The verb ride derives from a word that had the following meanings: to sit on and direct a horse or other animal to travel on horseback to travel in a vehicle to transport goods by vehicle to direct the movement of a vehicle (of a ship) to lie or float at anchor; later (12th century) to float on the water All of these meanings still attach in modern English, for example: Having been reared in the West, Cooper knew how to ride horses and was able to get a job as an extra in a frontier film, The Thundering Herd (1925). The captain of a smaller craft might throw out an anchor if the ship needed to ride out a storm. The most common use of the noun road in modern English is to refer to a wide cleared pathway with a specially prepared surface along which motorized vehicles travel. In coastal place names, the plural Roads refers to a sheltered section of water where vessels may lie at anchor in safety: Hampton Roads  is the name of both a body of water and a metropolitan region in Southeastern Virginia, United States.   The ship  anchored in the Savona  Roads  and was reported to the Custom House on the same day. The Tuscarora left Southampton Water on the 30th of January,  but  anchored in  Yarmouth  Roads, and remained there until the 1st of February, when she proceeded as far westward as Portland. Related or not, rode and road are different words and careful spellers keep them separate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Round vs. AroundNeither... or?

Develop customer service plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Develop customer service plan - Coursework Example The company will be the market leader in the next decade particularly in the service delivery to the consumers. Moreover, the business entity will also be a leader in terms of the consumer base due to the improvement in the services thus attracting more consumers. The business entity aims at delivering services to the consumers that are friendly and in a professional manner. Similarly, the institution will deliver quality to the consumers thus improving the value of the service and reduce cost of services at the same time. The focus will also focus on both the internal as well as the external consumers (L., 2010, p. 16). Any commodities that any customer buys will be delivered through the available delivering companies. The consumer will receive a notification of the company that will deliver his or her commodity. In the instance of delays, the delivery of the commodity will take part in the next twelve hours (K, 2004, p. 12). The institution operates under a consumer-oriented policy that tends to create a friendly relationship with the customers. The view tends to establish the expectations of the consumer and recognize the extent of the goodness of the prevailing services The company will contact the consumers through emails and telephone calls in an attempt of finding out their experiences and their consequent expectations. The business entity will also undertake a survey that will register five areas of study. The areas include assurance, the reliability, empathy, tangibles as well as successive responsiveness. Consequently, the business entity will undertake the analysis of the findings from the research (Krenn, 2011, p. 22). The institution tends to create direct telephone conversations with the consumers. The use of emails is also in place whereby appreciation of every email is mandatory in order to improve the feedback time. The policies and procedures will tend to operate from

Management Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Information System - Essay Example The server-side hardware includes computers such as the server PCs for the actual engagement in the information system application. There should be the server PCs that functions in running of the servers such as the web and the database server (Laudon & Laudon, 2000). The last category of PCs is the ordinary office computer that is used in the regulation of the application development situation (Gupta, 2011). The network operating system is necessary for the management of software, hardware as well as the network users (Jawadekar, 2013). The most preferable operating system in a PC networking region is Windows NT operating system. The installation of NT server must be in the server-type PCs whilst the NT client, or the Windows 97/98 must be installed in the alternate computers (Gupta, 2011). In this context, the latter PC is ordinarily a member faculty’s PC that is to be used in the management of the database and web servers (Gupta, 2011). The web server is one of the most cri tical software on which the success of MIS depend on. The server determines the presence of the information system to the user. The program should be installed in the computer that runs the NT server (Jawadekar, 2013). For instance, the Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) is the most suitable software as it incorporates other packages such as the NT (Gupta, 2011). The client side requires regular office computers and the network infrastructure. The computers are used in the running of software and retrieval of the authorized information from the database and the webpages. The network infrastructure includes routers, switches as well as the antennas used in the provision of network to the computers (Jawadekar, 2013).

The decline of the Great Muslim Empires Essay Example for Free

The decline of the Great Muslim Empires Essay From the middle of the fifteenth century and up to the end of the eighteenth century three Great Muslim Empires had been dominating in the Islamic zone of then world: the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor, the Mughal Empire in India, and the Safavid Empire in Persia, forming the most rapidly expanding forces in world affairs (Kennedy 1989). They all failed sooner or later due to the internal factors such as weakening of centralized political control, excessive enlargement of the territories, religious diversity, and rulers conservatism resulted in failure to implement the modern technologies (Kennedy 1989). The prevailing factors of their sunset were not the same for each of them, although there were several common ones. But the major contribution to the process of their decay was made by the outer world. Internal weaknesses were enough to wreck the Muslim empires, but each also failed to recognize the threat to their dominance posed by the rise of the West. By the beginning of the seventeenth century the main world communication routes didnt pass through the Middle East any more and the European states dominated at sea turning a profit from their advances in science and technology and successfully carrying out the gunpowder policy as well as promoting their trade on the territories earlier controlled by the Muslim empires (Wells 1933). To find the factors which led to the decline of the Great Mughals, the Safavid Dynasty, and the Ottoman Empire, while the Europeans went ahead, we should investigate their features, compare them and draw a conclusion.   Considering chronology of their decline, one can find a certain similarity – the period of extinction went along by the reign of a certain leader: the Ottomans fell apart after Suleyman the Lawgiver rule, the Safavids – by the end of Abbas Is reign, and the Mughals – after Aurangzers rule. The timing of collapse for the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires substantially differ. While the Ottoman state declined for the period of three centuries, the Safavids drop was much faster as well as those of the Great Mughals. The reason of rapid Safavids decay noticeably lied in the uselessness to defend from the neighboring Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century resulted in complacence of the Safavid Shans, their growing corruption and decadence. The Mughal Empires fall is owed to heavy hand rule and aggressive East India Company trade policy. Ottoman rulers in turn had a very short–term policy unwilling to develop their territory as well as to invest in it and mercilessly exploiting land and peoples, they relied on continuous expansion for stability, and when the empire did not grow, it gradually collapsed (Hooker 1999). The Ottoman Empire was the long–lived one in comparison with the Mughals and the Safavid dynasty (a short–lived one). It reached its peak by 1600 under the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent and then has been gradually declined up to the end of the eighteenth century, but even survived through the First World War, and was disbanded in 1918. The Mughal Empire survived until 1857, it, as Phillip Myers affirmed, lasted upwards of 300 years, – until destroyed by the English in the present century, but in fact its rulers after 1803 were the pensioners of the East India Company (Myers 1902). As for the Safavids their demise after the reign of Abbas I was too prompt, and internal disorder plagued the empire which resulted in Afgans successful conquest of its capital Isfahan in 1722 (Hooker 1999). The Ottoman Turks†¦ were to falter, to turn inward, and to loose the chance of world domination†¦ To a certain extent it could be argued that this process was the natural consequence of earlier Turkish successes: the Ottoman army, however well administrated, might be able to maintain the lengthy frontiers, but could hardly expand farther without enormous cost in men and money (Kennedy 1989). The latter thought by Paul Kennedy could be referred not only to the Ottomans – it also determines one of the main economic reasons underlying the nature of Safavids and Mughals sunset. It is very expensive business to run an empire encompassing vast territory and one day such empire becomes too big to be successfully governed. The rapid expansion of the Muslim Empires spread their governments and military administrations too thin. The enormous expenses impoverished them and built up long–standing hostility among the people towards the lavish emperors. This subsequently led to the frequent rebellions and instability in the society in all three concerned empires (Hooker 1999). The lack of flexibility in attitude to the newer weaponry and resistance to any military technology that threatened the dominance of the Muslim Empires caused them to fall behind Western nations. Backwardness of Janissaries, their hereditary membership since 1637 resulted in transformation of Ottomans powerful army into a mob of cobblers and weavers. In case of the Mughals the most dramatic effect was taken by the recruitment of slave armies that finally became to dominate their hirers and govern independently. Similarly to them the Safavid Shan Tahmasp I begun introduction of converted slaves into military since the middle of the sixteenth century who later would acquire positions of influence under Shah Abbas I. But after conclusion of the treaty delimitating frontiers with the Ottomans in 1639 the army got peace and declined in size and quality (Kennedy 1989). During the seventeenth century all three empires showed the signs of weakening centralized political control. At the same time vast corruption among the bureaucracy and local aristocracy became evident. In the Safavid Empire which was a theocracy unlike the Ottoman and Mughal nations a new class of wealthy religious aristocrats owed everything to the state, but plundered it. Later sultans in the Ottoman Empire reduced to puppets dominated by Janissaries and viziers. Venality and corruption run through all level of bureaucracy. The last Mughal powerful emperor Aurangzeb decided to extend the territory under his control to the entire Indian subcontinent, and this campaign although being successful emptied his exchequer and increased his enemies. He faced rebellions in the north, and throughout the empire Islamic invaders, Hindu separatists and Sikh revolutionaries caused centralized political control to break down. Furthermore the rebellions in all three empires were excited over economic reasons: the heavy tax burden posed on peasants, alienation of the non–Muslim merchant classes in the Ottoman Empire; land seizures from Quizilbash landholders by the Safavid ruler Abbas I; a punitive tax on Hindu subjects re–imposed by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (Hooker 1999). Religious diversity also contributed to the Great Muslims decay, although not so much as the above mentioned factors. Without religious tolerance the empires got a great many internal enemies disposed to the rebellions. The complexity of religion issue interrupted also the further development of the Muslim Empires. For example, Paul Kennedy stated with respect to the Mughals, that the system was weak at the core. The sheer rigidity of Hindu religious taboos militated against modernization (Kennedy 1989). The crisis in the Muslim Empires deepened also due to the external factors. They all were based on land routes, not sea travel, and this enabled the Europeans to dominate in trade by sea after discovering African water route to India by the Portuguese explorers. Muslim monopoly of trade with Asia ended then which unsettled the Ottoman economy and led to the inflation there. Although the English occasionally traded through Persia, the Safavids economy was weakened as well by the general loss of trade. Since the seventeenth century the trade routes in the world went through the oceans, which let the Europeans to have a great advantage controlling the trade by sea with India and the Far East. Having no seafaring skills, the Muslim Empires failed to resist to such domination, and they were to be reconciled with the presence of the Europeans in their cities (Wells 1933). In conclusion, the immense Muslim Empires were doomed to lose to the Europeans who advanced in science and technology, removed one of the sources of profit for the Muslim merchants having discovered new trade sea routes, and rose powerful nation–states able to gain territories not only due to gunpowder policy, but as the result of successful economic invasion. The Western Europeans, and particularly the Dutch, the Scandinavians, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the French and the British were extending the area of their struggles across the seas of all the world†¦ Great innovation, the ocean–going sailing ship, was inexorably extending the range of European experience to the further most limits of salt–water (Wells 1933). Bibliography Hooker, Richard. World Civilizations. Islam. Washington State University Web Site. 1999. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MODULES.HTM Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. London: Fontana Press. 1989. Pp. 10–16. Myers, Phillip V. N. A General History for Colleges and High Schools. Boston, U.S.A., and London: CINN Company Publishers. 1902. Pp. 460–464. Wells, Herbert G. A Short History of the World. London: Waterlow Sons Ltd. Printers. 1933. Pp. 168–235.

Population Ecology vs. Neoinstitutional Theory Essay -- Environment, E

Organization-environment relations depict certain areas of UCSB in their entirety in which two of those theories include population ecology and neoinstitutional theory. Population ecology and neoinstitutional theory looks at UCSB in divergent perspectives: population ecology studies organizations if they are a living or dying species whereas neoinstitutional theory highlights the organization’s importance as an establishment to its field of expertise. With this, I am going to compare both, population ecology and neoinstitutional theory, in relation to the University of California – Santa Barbara. I will further discuss each of their strengths and weaknesses in accordance to the behavior and environment of institution, faculty, staff, and its students within this organization. Within nature, any form of species focus on selection and adaptation towards their environment to better themselves; organizations exert this idea as a metaphor to personify the organization-environment theory of population ecology underlining any organization functions as a living or dying species. Primarily, population ecology reflects both a rationalist and naturalist perspectives. Population ecology echoes rationalist theory since power is frequently controlled by those in superior positions inside the organization (Taylor 25). Also, population ecology is natural because it denies specificity and predictability due to the organization’s dependence of the fluctuation of environmental resources (Sutton 1/20/11). Ultimately for any organization to adapt and change the future of the establishment, it is compulsory for workers in a dominant position to ruminate any strategies and environmental opportunities and threats (Hannan 930). Henry Yang, as UCSB’s ... ...rsity. Conformity limits the organization values and appearance to which they cannot change unless the organization wishes to achieve any backlash. Overall, population ecology and neoinstitutional theory are part of organization-environment relations and are applied throughout UCSB. Population ecology and neoinstitutional theory are two theories describing and affecting the organizational environment at UCSB from two perspectives: the population and institutions as a whole. With population ecology, UCSB faces competition dilemmas to keep their organization from â€Å"dying†; and additionally, neoinstitutional theory shows UCSB how to appear legitimate through conforming to society’s beliefs and expectations. Although both concepts are vastly differently, they aid UCSB, as well as other organizations, to understanding the lifespan and appearance of its establishment.

Rogarian Arguments

Quiz – Chapter 2 Name: U number: 1. The dramatic recovery of Russian Economy in recent days can be attributed to: a. record world prices for oil and gas b. the succession of Vladimir Putin as president c. Putin slashed subsidies to state-owned enterprises d. the price increases for imports due to ruble’s devaluation e. all of the above can be attributed 2. According to author William Greider, executives and marketers must take into account the following new realities in the global economic situation: a. production has become â€Å"uncoupled† from employment b. he world economy dominates the scene c. the struggle between capitalism and socialism is over d. the growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers e. all of the above 3. The rampant corruption and bribery witnessed in a nation’s economy is referred to as: a. re-nationalization b. managed democracy c. Kleptocracy d. autocracy e. None of the above 4. One of the distinguishing feat ures of Centrally Planned Capitalism economic system is: a. all production resources are privately owned b. the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit c. ommand resource allocation is utilized extensively in private resource ownership environment d. market allocation policies are permitted within and environment of state ownership e. none of the above 5. The Swedish government has significant holdings in key business sectors and has hybrid economic system that incorporate: a. market capitalism and centrally planned socialism b. centrally planned socialism and market socialism c. centrally planned socialism and capitalism d. market socialism and market capitalism e. market capitalism and socialistic capitalism 6.Which type of economic system is characterized by command resource allocation and private resource ownership: a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 7. Which type of economic system is characterized by market resource allocation and state resource ownership: a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 8. China predominantly follows an economic system that can be classified under: a. centrally planned socialism b. market socialism . market capitalism d. centrally planned capitalism e. socialistic capitalism 9. Which of the following is true about economic output in China today: a. the state sector accounts for about 75 percent of output b. the state and private sectors each account for about 50 percent of output c. the private sector accounts for about 75 percent of output d. the private sector is virtually nonexistent in China e. the state sector is virtually nonexistent in China 10. The Washington, DC-based Heritage Foundation compiles a survey of over 150 countries ranked by degree of economic freedom.Although there are a number of key economic variables which are considered in this ranking it does not include: a. monetary policy b. banking policy c. black market d. property rights e. none of the above 11. Singapore banned the import, manufacture, and sales of chewing gum in the country since wads of gum were making a mess on sidewalks, buses, and subway trains. Violators are subject to severe penalties and before buying a pack consumers must register their names and addresses. This according to author William Greider demonstrates that Singapore’s government: a. is harshly autocratic . administers a paranoid control over Singaporeans c. administers a paranoid control over press and politics d. runs an effective welfare state e. all of the above 12. The general characteristics shared by low-income countries does not include: a. high birth rates b. low literacy rates c. concentration in Africa south of the Sahara d. heavy reliance on foreign aid e. low tourist income 13. Which of the following BRIC nations fall in the lower-middle-i ncome category? a. India and China b. China and Brazil c. Brazil and Russia d. Russia and India e. none of the above 14.Pursuing alternative sources of energy, such as wind and solar power is important due to the fact that: a. people in developing countries are more conscious about environment b. global marketers are more interested in publicizing environmental issues c. it is easy to develop solar power in many parts of the world d. heavy reliance on fossil fuels contributes to global warming e. people worldwide can afford to buy power generated from wind and solar 15. Product and market opportunities in a postindustrial society are more heavily dependent upon new products and innovations than in industrial societies. An example of this would be: . Nestle marketing Bono brand cookies in Brazil b. Coca-cola company developing a beverage Vintago in low-income countries c. New e-commerce markets for interactive forms of electronic communication d. Hermes creating handbags called Amazo nia e. India’s Suzlon Energy using wind driven turbines 16. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is comprised of: a. the 30 high-income countries b. countries that believe in market-allocation economic systems c. pluralistic democracies d. countries that demonstrate progress toward economic reform e. all of the above statements are applicable 7. The fastest-growing sector of world trade includes: a. travel and entertainment b. accounting and legal services c. royalties and license fees d. engineering services e. all of the above 18. Between the year 2001 and 2006, China bought more than $ 250 billion in U. S. Treasury bonds. Such purchases: a. ensures that China’s currency is relatively weak compared to the U. S. dollar b. indicate that China is not sure of its economic viability c. show that currency exchange rate is unpredictable d. predict that yuan will be devalued in the near future e. China’s currency is stronger than the U. S. dollar 9. To the extent that a country sells more goods and services abroad than it buys, there will be: a. a greater demand for its currency b. a surplus production of goods and services c. a scarcity of goods and services within the country d. a need for revaluation of its currency e. time for fluctuating its currency 20. The Big Mac Index dated February 01, 2007 shows that the price of Big Mac in China was 11 yuan whereas its price in the United States was $ 3. 22. The index translated into yuan being undervalued by 56%. This shows that: a. Big Mac is more expensive in the United States than in China b.Big Mac is less expensive in the United States than in China c. Big Mac costs the same in the United States and China d. Big Mac is less popular in China than in the United States e. Big Mac is more popular in China than in the United States Essay Question The newly independent countries of the former Soviet Union present an interesting situation: on one hand the income is declinin g creating considerable economic hardship whereas there are attractive opportunities with good potential from moving out of the low-income category. What are some of the problems and opportunities for these countries?

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 32

â€Å"Who is it?† a voice was saying from the forest darkness. â€Å"Who's out there?† Bonnie had seldom been as grateful to anyone as she was to Matt for holding on to her. She needed people contact. If she could only bury herself deep enough in other people, she would be safe somehow. She just barely managed not to scream as the dimming flashlight swung onto a surrealistic scene. â€Å"Isobel!† Yes, it really was Isobel, not at the Ridgemont hospital at all, but here in the Old Wood. She was standing at bay, almost naked except for blood and mud. Right here, against this background, she looked like both prey and a sort of forest goddess, a goddess of vengeance, and of hunted things, and of punishment for any being who stood in her way. She was winded, breathing hard, with bubbles of saliva coming out of her mouth, but she wasn't broken. You only had to see her eyes, shining red, to see that. Behind her, stepping on branches and letting loose the occasional grunt or curse, were two other figures, one tall and thin but bulbous on top, and one shorter and stouter. They looked like gnomes trying to follow a wood nymph. â€Å"Dr. Alpert!†Meredith seemed just barely able to sound like her ordinary controlled self. At the same time, Bonnie saw that Isobel's piercings were much worse. She'd lost most of her studs and hoops and needles, but there was blood and, already, pus, coming out of the holes where they had been. â€Å"Don't scare her,† Jim's voice whispered out of the shadows. â€Å"We've been tracking her since we had to stop.† Bonnie could feel Matt, who had drawn in air to shout, suddenly choke it off. She could also see why Jim looked so top-heavy. He was carrying Obaasan, Japanese-style, on his back, with her arms around his neck. Like a backpack, Bonnie thought. â€Å"What happened to you?† Meredith whispered. â€Å"We thought you'd gone to the hospital.† â€Å"Somehow, a tree fell across the road while we were letting you off, and we couldn't get around it to get to the hospital, or anywhere else. Not only that, but it was a tree with a hornet's nest or something inside it. Isobel woke up likethat † – the doctor snapped her fingers – â€Å"and when she heard the hornets she scrambled out and ran from them. We ran after her. I don't mind saying I would have done the same if I'd been alone.† â€Å"Did anybody see these hornets?† Matt asked, after a moment. â€Å"No, it had just turned dark. But we heard them all right. Weirdest thing I ever heard. Sounded like hornet a foot long,† Jim said. Meredith was now squeezing Bonnie's arm from the other side. Whether to keep her silent or to encourage her to speak, Bonnie had no idea. And what could she say? â€Å"Fallen trees here only stay fallen until the policemake the decision to look for them?† â€Å"Oh, and watch out for the hellish streams of bugs as long as your arm?† â€Å"And by the way, there's probably one inside Isobel right now?†That would really freak Jim out. â€Å"If I knew the way back to the boardinghouse, I would drop these three off there,† Mrs. Flowers was saying. â€Å"They're not part of this.† To Bonnie's surprise, Dr. Alpert did not take exception to the statement that she herself was â€Å"not part of it.† Nor did she ask what Mrs. Flowers was doing with the two teenagers out in the Old Wood at this hour. What she said was even more astonishing: â€Å"We saw the lights as you started shouting. It's right back there.† Bonnie felt Matt's muscles tighten up against her. â€Å"Thank God,† he said. And then, slowly, â€Å"But that's not possible. I left the Dunstans' about ten minutes before we met, and that's right on the other side of the Old Wood from the boardinghouse. It would take at least forty-five minutes to walk it.† â€Å"Well, possible or not, we saw the boardinghouse, Theophilia. All the lights were on, from top to bottom. It was impossible to mistake. Are you sure you're not underestimating time?† she added, to Matt. Mrs. Flowers' name is Theophilia, Bonnie thought, and had to curb an urge not to giggle. The tension was getting to her. But just as she was thinking it, Meredith gave her another nudge. Sometimes she thought that she, and Elena, and Meredith had a sort of telepathy with each other. Maybe it wasn't true telepathy, but sometimes just a look, just a glance, could say more than pages and pages of argument. And sometimes – not always, but sometimes – Matt or Stefan would seem to be part of it. Not that it was like real telepathy, with voices as clear in your head as they would be in your ears, but sometimes the boys seemed to be†¦on the girls' channel. Because Bonnie knew exactly what that nudge meant. It meant that Meredith had turned the lamp off in Stefan's room on the top of the house, and that Mrs. Flowers had turned the downstairs lights off as they left. So while Bonnie had a very vivid image of the boardinghouse with lights blazing, that image couldn't be reality, not now. Someone is trying to mess with uswas what Meredith's nudge meant. And Matt was on the same wavelength, even if it was for a different reason. He leaned very slightly back at Meredith, with Bonnie in between. â€Å"But maybe we should head back toward the Dunstans',† Bonnie said in her most babyish, heartrending voice. â€Å"They're just normal people. They could protect us.† â€Å"The boardinghouse is just over that rise,† Dr. Alpert said firmly. â€Å"And I really would appreciate your advice on how to slow down Isobel's infections,† she added to Mrs. Flowers. Mrs. Flowers fluttered. There was no other word for it. â€Å"Oh, goodness, what a compliment. One thing would be to wash the dirt out of the wounds immediately.† This was so obvious and so unlike Mrs. Flowers that Matt squeezed Bonnie hard just as Meredith leaned in on her.Yeehaw! Bonnie thought. Do we have this telepathy thing going or not! So it's Dr. Alpert who's the dangerous one, the liar. â€Å"That's it, then. We head for the boardinghouse,† Meredith said calmly. â€Å"And Bonnie, don't worry. We'll take care of you.† â€Å"We sure will,† Matt said, giving her one last hard squeeze. It meantI get it. I know who's not on our side. Aloud, he added, in a fake stern voice, â€Å"It's no good going to the Dunstans' anyway. I already told Mrs. Flowers and the girls about this, but they've got a daughter who's like Isobel.† â€Å"Piercing herself?† Dr. Alpert said, sounding startled and horrified at the thought. â€Å"No. She's just acting pretty strangely. But it's not a good place.† Squeeze. I got it a long time ago, Bonnie thought in annoyance. I'm supposed to shut up now. â€Å"Lead the way, please,† murmured Mrs. Flowers, seeming more fluttery than ever. â€Å"Back to the boardinghouse.† And they let the doctor and Jim lead the way. Bonnie kept up a mumbling complaint in case anyone was listening. And she, and Matt, and Meredith all kept an eye on the doctor and Jim. â€Å"Okay,† Elena said to Damon, â€Å"I'm dolled up like somebody on the deck of an ocean liner, I'm keyed up like an overstrung guitar, and I'm fed up with all this delay. Soooo†¦what is the truth and the whole truth and nothing but the truth?† She shook her head. Time had skipped and stretched for her. Damon said, â€Å"In a way, we're in a tiny snow globe I made for myself. It just means they won't see or hear us for a few minutes. Now is the time to get the real talking done.† â€Å"So we'd better talk fast.† She smiled at him, encouragingly. She was trying to help him. She knew he needed help. He wanted to tell her the truth, but it was so far against his nature that it was like asking onehell of a wild horse to let you ride it, master it. â€Å"There are more problems,† Damon got out huskily, and she knew he'd read her thoughts. â€Å"They – they tried to make it impossible for me to speak to you about this. They did it in grand old fairy tale style: by making up lots of conditions. I couldn't tell you inside a house, nor could I tell you outside. Well, a widow's walk isn't inside, but you can't say it's outside, either. I couldn't tell you by sunlight or by moonlight. Well, the sun's gone down, and it's another thirty minutes before the moon rises, and I say that that condition is met. And I couldn't tell you while you were clothed or naked.† Elena automatically glanced down at herself in alarm, but nothing had changed as far as she could tell. â€Å"And I figure that that condition is met, too, because even though he swore to me he was letting me out of one of his little snow globes, he didn't do it. We're in a house that's not a house – it's a thought in somebody's mind. You're wearing clothes that aren't real clothes – they're figments of imagination.† Elena opened her mouth again, but he put two fingers to her lips and said, â€Å"Wait. Just let me go on while I still can. I seriously thought that he might never stop with the conditions, which he had picked up out of fairy tale literature. He's obsessed with that, and with old English poetry. I don't know why, because he's from the other side of the world, from Japan. That's who Shinichi is. And he has a twin sister†¦Misao.† Damon stopped breathing hard after that, and Elena figured that there must have been some internal conditions against him telling her. â€Å"He likes it if you translate his name asdeath-first , ornumber one in the matters of death . They're both like teenagers, really, with their codes and their games, and yet they're thousands of years old.† â€Å"Thousands?† Elena prodded gently as Damon coasted to a stop, looking exhausted but determined. â€Å"I hate to think of howmany thousands of years the two of them have been doing mischief. Misao's the one who's been doing all the things to the girls in town. She possesses them with her malach and then she makes the malach make them do things. You remember your American history? The Salem witches? That was Misao, or someone like her. And it's happened hundreds of times before that. You might look up the Ursuline nuns when you're out of this. They were a quiet convent who became exhibitionists and worse – some went mad, and some who tried to help them became possessed.† â€Å"Exhibitionists? Like Tamra? But she's only a child – â€Å" â€Å"Misao's only a child, in her head.† â€Å"And where does Caroline come in?† â€Å"In any case like this, there's got to be an instigator – someone who's willing to bargain with the devil – or a demon, really – for their own ends. That's where Caroline comes in. But for an entire town, they must be giving her something really big.† â€Å"An entire town? They're going to take over Fell's Church†¦?† Damon looked away. The truth was that they were going todestroy Fell's Church, but there was no point in saying that. His hands were loosely fastened around his knees as he sat on a rickety old wooden chair on the widow's walk. â€Å"Before we can do anything to help anyone, we have to get out of here. Out of Shinichi's world. This is important. I can – block him for short periods of time from watching us – but then I get tired and need blood. I need more than you can regenerate, Elena.† He looked up at her. â€Å"He's put Beauty in with the Beast here and he'll leave us to see which one will triumph.† â€Å"If you mean kill the other, he's in for a long wait on my end.† â€Å"That's what you think now. But this is a specially made trap. There'snothing in here except the Old Wood as it was when we started driving around it. It's also minus any other human habitations. Theonly house is this house, the only real living creatures are the two of us. You'll want me dead soon enough.† â€Å"Damon, I don't understand. What do theywant here? Even with what Stefan said about all the ley lines crossing under Fell's Church and making a beacon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It wasyour beacon that drew them, Elena. They're curious, like kids, and I have a feeling that they may already have been in trouble wherever it is they really live. It's possible they were here watching the end of the battle, watching you be reborn.† â€Å"And so they want†¦to destroy us? To have fun? To take over the town and make us puppets?† â€Å"All three, for a while. They could be having fun while someone else pleads their case in a high court in another dimension. And yes, fun, to them, means taking apart a town. Although I believe that Shinichi means to go back on his bargain with me for something he wants more than the town, so they may end up fighting each other.† â€Å"What bargain withyou , Damon?† â€Å"For you. Stefan had you. I wanted you. He wants you.† Despite herself, Elena felt cold pooling in her midriff, felt the distant shaking that began there and worked its way outward. â€Å"And the original bargain was?† He looked away from her. â€Å"This is the bad part.† â€Å"Damon, what have you done?†she cried, almost screaming it.†What was the bargain?† Her whole body was shaking. â€Å"I made a bargain with a demon and, yes, I knew what he was when I did it. It was the night after your friends were attacked by the trees – after Stefan banished me from his room. That and – well, I was angry, but he took my anger and boosted it. He was using me, controlling me; I see that now. That's when he started with the deals and conditions.† â€Å"Damon – † Elena began shakily, but he went on, speaking rapidly as if he had to get through this, to see it to its conclusion, before he lost his nerve. â€Å"The final deal was that he would help me get Stefan out of the way so I could have you, while he got Caroline and the rest of the town to share with his sister. Thus trumping Caroline's bargain for whatever she was getting from Misao.† Elena slapped him. She wasn't sure how she managed, wrapped up as she was, to get a hand free and to make the lightning-fast movement, but she did. And then she waited, watching a bead of blood hanging on his lip, for him to retaliate or for the strength to try to kill him.

blood cell essays

blood cell essays Blood is composed of cells and fluid, contain many inorganic and organic molecules. Functions of blood could be falls into three categories: transport, defense and regulation, they all have different function. Blood transport oxygen and nutrients and removes waste from the body. It also transports hormones, which control the body's organ. Blood defense pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and it clots, which prevents the loss of blood. In regulatory functions, blood helps maintain body temperature A molecule cells use in cellular respiration, transport oxygen, is called red blood cells. Red blood cells also known as erythrocytes, they are very small. There are about 4 to 6 millions of red blood cells in our whole blood. It's containing a respiratory pigment called hemoglobin. It's carries oxygen and it is red in color. In red blood cell, it's contains about 200 million hemoglobin molecules. If we losing a big amount of hemoglobin in our blood, our blood will become thicker, so then is hard to All blood cells are produced from stem cells with in the red bone marrow. Stem cell, which can divide, and producing new cells into specific type of cells. Red blood cells can only live for 120 days, after that, they will destroyed in the liver and spleen and there are about 2 million cells are destroyed per second. Therefore, an equal number much be produced to keep the cell count in balance. People who are lack of hemoglobin will suffer Blood that playing the role of defends is the white blood cell. White blood cells also known as leukocytes are differ from red blood cells. It's fight infection, they are more largely and being lack hemoglobin. White blood cells are came from the stem cells in the red bone marrow. They defend us against pathogens that have invaded into our body. White blood cells are ...

Examen Médico y Requisitos para la Residencia

Examen Mà ©dico y Requisitos para la Residencia Como parte del proceso para obtener la residencia hay que someterse a un examen mà ©dico que certifica que la persona no tiene enfermedades contagiosas ni va a convertirse en una carga para el estado si es que tiene alguna condicià ³n preexistente. El examen mà ©dico tiene lugar casi al final del tramite de los papeles, se està © dentro o fuera de los Estados Unidos, cuando las autoridades migratorias o consulares lo indican. A este hay que presentarse con certificados de vacunas y si es el caso, vacunarse de nuevo contra las enfermedades que haga falta. El examen lo realiza un mà ©dico autorizado por el gobierno. En Estados Unidos es muy fcil encontrar a los doctores que pueden realizar dicho examen, en linea (aqui) o llamando al Centro Nacional de Servicio al Cliente de la USCIS (1-800-375-5283). En el exterior tambià ©n es posible buscar un mà ©dico autorizado por la embajada o consulado. Una vez en la cita, el mà ©dico revisar la documentacià ³n que se le presente y las cartillas de vacunacià ³n. Se realizar un examen fà ­sico de ojos, oà ­do, nariz, garganta, abdomen, pulmones, nà ³dulos linfticos, corazà ³n, piel, genitales, presià ³n arterial, peso y estatura, entre otros. Adems, habr extraccià ³n de sangre y un examen de rayos X. Los menores de 15 aà ±os podrà ­an no hacerse la radiografà ­a ni los exmenes de sangre; las embarazadas podrà ­an posponerla hasta despuà ©s de haber dado a luz. Dentro de Estados Unidos, los resultados se entregan al solicitante en sobre cerrado que pasa a manos del oficial de inmigracià ³n el dà ­a de la entrevista. Si se est en otro paà ­s, el procedimiento a seguir depende del mà ©dico y/o del consulado.  ¿Quà © documentos hay que llevar a la cita mà ©dica? A esta cita hay que presentarse con: Cartilla de vacunas (paperas, rubeola, sarampià ³n, polio, tà ©tano, difteria, rotavirus, gripa o influenza, influenza tipo B, tos ferina (pertussis), varicela, neumococo, meningococo, hepatitis A y B). El especialista puede pedir vacunas adicionales contra cualquier enfermedad que el Comità © de de Prcticas de Inmunizacià ³n de los Centros de Control y Prevencià ³n de Enfermedades estime conveniente.Reportes sobre posibles discapacidades de aprendizaje o enfermedades mentales.Informe hecho por un mà ©dico que certifique, si el paciente tuvo tuberculosis, el progreso, tratamiento y duracià ³n de la enfermedad.Informe hecho por un mà ©dico que certifique, si el paciente tuvo sà ­filis, que la persona recibià ³ el tratamiento adecuado.Radiografà ­as del tà ³rax, si se tienen. Reportes mà ©dicos de historia clà ­nica de enfermedad mental (aplican los intentos de suicidio, violencia contra sà ­ mismo, otros, o animales) en los que se determine si estos fueron causados por problemas mà ©dicos, psiquitricos o generados por droga o alcohol. Reportes mà ©dicos de historia clà ­nica en caso de haber sido hospitalizado por drogas o alcohol (diagnà ³stico, tratamiento y duracià ³n).Reportes mà ©dicos si se est bajo alguna medicacià ³n de manera continua y las razones de la misma. El formulario I-693 para quienes està ©n en Estados Unidos. Estas son las enfermedades que podrà ­an excluir a una persona de la residencia: Sà ­filis, en estado contagiosoGonorreaTuberculosis tipo ALepraEnfermedades mentales acompaà ±adas de comportamientos considerados perjudiciales o daà ±inos Desde el 2010 el test de VIH ya no es parte de los requisitos para obtener la green card.  ¿Quà © pasa con condiciones preexistentes no contagiosas pero graves? En algunos casos la enfermedad que padece una persona puede convertirla en una carga al estado una vez esta se convierta en un residente permanente legal. Un ejemplo es una persona quien no puede trabajar por enfermedad o tiene un padecimiento que requiere de medicinas costosas por el resto de su vida. Dicha enfermedad puede ser fà ­sica o mental. En casos muy extraordinarios es posible que se pida al  patrocinador  econà ³mico, quien firma el affidavit of support o de sostenimiento, que muestre recursos financieros ms altos de los requeridos habitualmente para hacer frente a ese problema, o que el solicitante acredite tener un seguro mà ©dico que cubra dicha enfermedad. Si no aprueban la residencia por motivos mà ©dicos el primer paso es consultar a un abogado para solicitar un waiver. Este artà ­culo es informativo y no pretende ser asesorà ­a legal.

Career Exploration Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Career Exploration Assignment - Essay Example Having been brought up in a business environment, my father played a gigantic role in helping me determine my career interest. I chose this career path because I believe that I have good communication and negotiation skills. I can also manage my personal records and supervise the work of others with much ease. Additionally, I am empathetic yet firm so I can handle business related challenges with ease. After I travelled to Riyadh, curiosity made me explore one of the colleges there. To my surprise, the courses offered there were in English which I was not familiar with. Upon asking for further guidance, I was advised to study the language because it is very instrumental in the world of business. Globalization has made the world a village and the majority of people communicate in English. Seeing that the language would boost y career, I decided to study it with much encouragement from friends and relatives. The desire to get the Saudi Arabian Cultural Mission (SACM) scholarship also made me work harder because students who get the chance get to study in the United Kingdom where the primary language is English. In part, I still wanted to achieve my childhood dream because I have an uncle who studied Information Technology and his career life is impressive so far. I enquired about his educational background from which I discovered that he studied at the Rochester Institute of Technology under a scholarship as well. I decided to apply for the same without much thought. Luckily for me, things did not go as desired because I was not offered the scholarship. The rejection opened my eyes and made me become more open to other courses. After much soul searching and consultations with my parents who were very supportive, I chose to study Entrepreneurship. From the information I got from my father and his colleagues, it was apparent that the business sector is one that is very promising. In fact, most of them stated that the positions of business

Cross culture literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross culture - Literature review Example 19-40). Leadership and Globalization Globalization can be described as the process where a company looks to enter the international market. It looks to make its products available to the international customers. The modern day businesses have become quite complex. However, even amidst all such changes one principle for success remain the same, i.e. the leadership skills of the mangers. Leadership styles and management methods across the world are quite diverse and get heavily influenced by particulars dominant in the environment. Various studies in different countries have focused on the compliance of the leadership styles in terms of the conditions of success. The relationship among the culture and the managers is quite different. Managers tend to be people that get things done and the corporate culture happens to be the mechanism that is used by the managers to understand the way they should communicate with the team members. One of the most important characteristics of the leaders is to have an insight to the key happenings within a group in an organization. Such insights provide the much required energy to work (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, p. 221). Intercultural leadership contingency model Combining the direction goal developed by Robert House and the dividing culture dimension studies conducted by Geert Hofstede a new model off cross cultural leadership was developed. The leadership model developed has been categorized into four categories such as directional leadership, supportive leadership, participatory leadership and success oriented leadership. In case of directional leadership the leader prepares guides for the staff regarding what the staffs should do and how to perform the tasks along with the functional standards. In case of supportive leadership the main focus in on welfare of the staffs and the needs and requirements of the employees (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005, p. 209). In case of participatory leadership the leaders looks to consult with th e staffs during the decision making process. Leaders provide equal importance to the needs of the staffs as well as the organizational objectives. Success oriented leadership encourages the staffs to perform work at the highest level. However, very little focus is provided to the personal needs of the staffs. Here it needs to be mentioned that, this model has some degree of similarity to the managerial grid model which also reflects various leadership styles (Buelens, Sinding, Waldstrom, Krietner and Kinicki, 2011, p.223). Studies related to the management and leadership styles have been conducted substantially in various countries. Such survey reflects the various leadership and management styles followed by managers belonging to different countries and cultures. During the course of the course of the present study the main focus happens to be on China, USA and Japan (Simons, 2011, p.275). China has been selected because it is one of the most emerging economies in the world. Howeve r, China has had a reputation of being autocratic in nature. On the other hand USA is a developed economy. The management and leadership style of USA is quite different from China. The last country chosen happens to be Japan. Japan is a